The most significant results of fundamental and
and applied research of the Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, obtained in 2024

A methodology for analyzing and managing the dynamic processes of joint operation of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric heat generators in an integrated power system (IPS) was developed. For the first time, a mathematical model of frequency and power stabilization in transient processes of an IPS with solar (SPP) and wind (WPP) power plants has been developed, which provides for nonlinear constraints on the generator-regulator power gain rate, degradation of energy storage facilities, their power level, and the zone of insensitivity. This makes it possible to ensure the regulatory requirements for the stability of the frequency and power of electricity transmission and distribution systems, the safe and reliable operation of the IPS with RES of non-guaranteed capacity, and to establish the factors of unprofitability of the energy market (Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vitaliy Babak, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Mykhailo Kulyk, Artur Zaporozhets).

1. For the first time, a method of using the energy of WPPs and SPPs is proposed, which consists in using the own energy of these power plants to stabilize the frequency and power in the power system without involving external sources of generation. This method uses accumulation systems to accumulate electric energy in a certain proportion, which ensures the functioning of WPPs and SPPs in a self-sufficient mode and allows simultaneously solving a number of problems of national importance: to pay in full for the cost of electricity generated by these power plants; to transfer the energy market of Ukraine from a state of latent insolvency to a state of profitability; to reduce the cost of stabilizing frequency and power. Implementation of the proposed method will allow the Ukrainian energy market to avoid losses of up to USD 16 billion annually. The implementation of the proposed method will allow the Ukrainian energy market to avoid losses of up to USD 16 billion annually; release more than 30 million tons of coal products intended for backup TPPs; reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which will make a significant contribution to the country's energy, economic and environmental security (Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vitaliy Babak, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Mykhailo Kulyk, Artur Zaporozhets).
2. For the first time in Ukraine, a system of mathematical models for studying local power systems based on low-carbon distributed generation facilities has been created, which uses the principles of optimal dispatching of power system facilities in the formation of their composition and load. This makes it possible to determine the required capacity of wind farms and solar power plants to meet the electricity needs of the local power system, subject to balance reliability, and to assess the economic feasibility of introducing distributed generation sources in distributed generation nodes when they operate in synchronous and isolated modes (Tetiana Nechaeva, Viktor Denysov, Ihor Buratynskyi).
3. For the first time, a model of national energy supply was developed, featuring a detailed and harmonized representation of technological methods in the electricity and coal sectors, considering the utilization levels of installed IPS capacities in Ukraine. This model is designed for calculating the country’s energy balances in the short term under critical conditions, such as wartime, and forecasting directions for the harmonized transformation of energy sectors, including the closure of unprofitable coal enterprises while meeting the economy’s electricity and coal demands. (Corresponding Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Oleksandr Novoseltsev, Mykola Kaplin, Vitalii Makarov, Yevhen Shcherbyna).
4. For the first time, the use of the discrete Hilbert transform was substantiated as the basis for implementing software and measuring systems for signal processing. This approach enhances the information content of energy monitoring systems. Applying this transformation for identifying and monitoring power quality indicators in general-purpose networks enables the determination of new deterministic and statistical characteristics for forming databases that describe the operational state of energy equipment, power quality parameters, and their dynamic changes. (Academicians of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vitalii Babak, Svitlana Kovtun, Yurii Kuts).
5. For the first time in Ukraine, directions for decarbonizing the electricity sector and energy-intensive industries, including ferrous metallurgy, ammonia, and cement production, were proposed. These align with the national environmental policy and international commitments, considering the technical condition, existing installed capacities, electricity shortages, and post-war recovery prospects. This approach estimates the potential greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, required investments for implementing decarbonization measures and technologies, the carbon intensity of electricity and energy-intensive products, and changes in the demand for fuel, energy resources, and raw materials. (Valentyna Stanytsina, Tetiana Nechaeva, Nataliia Ivanenko, Heorhii Kuts, Oleksandr Teslenko).
6. For the first time, an optimization model was developed to determine the installed capacity of RES power plants and energy storage systems to provide electricity to consumers in decentralized networks. The model uses retrospective data on electricity generation and consumption, with the objective function of minimizing the weighted average cost of electricity, accounting for production and storage costs. This allows minimizing the costs of polygeneration systems and increasing the efficiency of energy equipment utilization. (Artur Zaporozhets, Igor Buratynsky).

Research Results in the Fields of Natural, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Engineering

The Most Significant Results of Fundamental and Applied Research
of General Energy Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2023

For the first time, the Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has proposed ways to improve the efficiency of the integrated power system based on the new structure of the ultra-large-scale electrothermal system. by electrifying heat supply using energy fromautonomous renewable energy sources. This makes it possible to solve the problem of frequency stabilization in the integrated power system and guarantee the financial stability of the Ukrainian energy market (Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Mykhailo Kulyk, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vitaliy Babak, Artur Zaporozhets).

1. The theory of systemic research in the energy sector is developed, in particular, a new concept of the research process is proposed for the first time: object - energy - information/signal - model - metric- method/algorithm - program-result. The concept, unlike the existing ones, makes it possible to conduct a comprehensive set of theoretical, simulation and experimental studies of the functioning of energy facilities in the following areas: technical system, including subsystems for measurement, control, diagnostics, monitoring and identification of the state; products for energy markets; ecological state of the environment (Corresponding Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vitalii Babak, Yurii Kuts, Svitlana Kovtun, Leonid Shcherbak).
2. For the first time in Ukraine, a mathematical model of restructuring the coal industry based on multifactorial criteria for the efficiency of coal mining enterprises has been developed, which differs from the known ones by simultaneously taking into account the indicators of the prospects for mines, the country's demand for coal products of the required grades and the limitations of low-carbon scenarios for economic development. The mathematical model is integrated into the system of models of mutually coordinated transformation of the fuel and energy complex sectors, which allowed to study the scenarios of restructuring the coal industry in the process of economic transition to low-carbon development
   (Corresponding Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Oleksandr Novoseltsev, Vitalii Makarov, Mykola Kaplin).
3. The methodology for studying the air permeability of buildings and the microclimate of premises has been developed. In particular, the algorithm for calculating the heat losses of a building, taking into account the infiltration heat multilayer wall structures losses of multilayer wall structures, the coefficients of heat transfer on the inner and outer surfaces from changes in the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the air environment, and the method for controlling thermal resistance using a CFD model of a building envelope segment were improved. This made it possible to reduce the influence of instrumental factors on the research process, taking into account conductive and convective-radiative heat transfer (Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
   Vitaliy Babak, Artur Zaporozhets, Oleg Dekusha).

The General Energy Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has developed the theoretical foundations of object-oriented identification of phenomena, processes and objects based on research of the information resource - characteristics of noise fields generated by energy facilities. For the first time in the world, constructive models of noise signals of energy facilities are proposed, which take into account retrospective and current information about the state of the facility and reflect its life cycle. The use of constructive models of noise signals opens up the possibility of analyzing the current state of a power facility, including monitoring emissions into the atmosphere and using this information to predict its further operation. This corresponds to the best world analogues and will be used in the energy sector and in the process of controlling technogenically hazardous facilities (Corresponding Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine V.P. Babak, L.M. Shcherbak, S.I. Kovtun).

1. For the first time in the world, the feasibility of using wind and solar power plants in conjunction with backup conventional power plants to cover the power system's electricity load schedules has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally proven, which will increase their energy economic performance and the profitability of the Ukrainian energy market. Using digital modeling, it was found that without the proposed approach, the lost profits of the Ukrainian energy market amounted to about USD 3 billion in 2021. The expected additional profits of the Ukrainian energy market at the level of 2030, according to the estimates, will amount to about 6 billion US dollars (Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine M. Kulyk, O. Zgurovets).
2. For the first time, a new method for diagnosing elements of complex energy facilities has been developed using deep learning algorithms for artificial neural networks, which opens the way to creating an efficient, data-driven system for diagnosing power equipment with the ability to process events that occurred thousands of discrete time steps ago and memorize them, which in turn allows for improved accuracy in predicting reliability and estimating the residual life of equipment. The practical value of the results obtained is the development of an algorithm for the functioning of a computerized control system for the fuel combustion process with a stepwise correction of the formation of the air-fuel mixture based on feedback signals from the oxygen sensor, which made it possible to maintain the excess air ratio in the exhaust gases in the required range and to reduce the formation of harmful emissions. The structure of the control and monitoring system for the fuel combustion process based on the use of a broadband oxygen sensor and a variable-frequency electric blower drive was proposed, which made it possible to ensure efficient fuel combustion in the boiler unit by maintaining a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture with a reduction in the formation of harmful emissions and recommend the introduction of boiler unit modernization into practice.
   (Corresponding members of NAS of Ukraine V.P. Babak, S.I. Kovtun, A.O. Zaporozhets)
3. For the first time in Ukraine, a model of mathematical programming of the load of electricity and heat generation capacities is proposed, which simultaneously ensures the implementation of two production-consumption balances - electricity and heat in accordance with the consumption schedules of each day of the year and optimizes the use of electric heat generators that consume electricity in accordance with the electricity load schedule and supply heat in accordance with the needs of subscribers connected to the district heating system. This makes it possible to equalize the electric load schedules and avoid temporary shutdowns of thermal power plants at night, which significantly improves their operating conditions. The results have been implemented at NPC Ukrenergo under the economic contract No. 1916 dated 09/28/2022 (S.V. Shulzhenko, O.I. Teslenko, T.P. Nechaeva, V.O. Deriy).
4.  For the first time in Ukraine, a software and information tool for forecasting the national energy balance, which combines the capabilities of statistical and technological approaches to determining the coefficients of the Leontief output-cost matrix, has been created that is resistant to growing restrictions on the completeness of information support, which will allow determining the optimal volumes of energy supply to energy subsystems and facilities, individual production processes from different sources of supply, and controlling the use of fuel and energy resources. The developed software and information tool will be used in solving the problem of forming the “Annual Forecast Fuel and Energy Balance” developed by the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine (M.I. Kaplin, V.M. Makarov, T.R. Bilan).
5. For the first time in Ukraine, a new methodological approach was developed to determine the projected volumes of heat pumping stations in district heating systems at the regional level, which was used to determine the composition and assess the potential of low-potential heat sources. Recommendations for the State Agency on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine on the directions and projected volumes of heat pump units in regional heat supply systems of Ukraine are presented. The proposed methodological approach will allow for each region to determine the economically affordable energy potential of the introduction of heat pump stations during the post-war recovery of Ukraine (V.O. Deriy, O.I. Teslenko).
6. A model of monitoring and identification of energy facilities is proposed, in which energy consumers are represented as a stochastic spatial and temporal environment of energy consumption, and the intensity of information parameters of air pollution in space and time is represented as an n-dimensional random field. The hierarchical algorithm for monitoring air pollution by energy facilities is generalized, defining the hierarchical levels of information generated by information and analytical centers and access to this information by different types of users, providing feedback from decision-making centers that affect the functioning of control facilities and regulation of the amount of pollutants entering the air. This corresponds to the best world analogues and will be used in the process of monitoring facilities in the energy sector (Corresponding Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine V.P. Babak, A.O. Zaporozhets).

7. For the first time in the world, based on the theory of fuzzy sets, a multi-level model of circulation-coordinated service-dominant transformation of the hybrid energy system structure has been developed, a system of corresponding equations has been formed, and an organizational mechanism for interaction of energy service market participants with energy and fuel markets has been proposed. The use of a multi-level model will allow determining the structure and volumes of optimal energy resources in the process of energy system transformation and the directions of attracting cross-border assistance. This corresponds to the world level and will be used in the transformation of the fuel and energy complex in the context of the post-war recovery of the country (Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine O. Novoseltsev).

1. The price model and the model of price indices, which, unlike Leontiev’s price model and other well-known price models, were developed and comprehensively researched in the theory of inter-industry balance were built on fundamentally different foundations, namely, they were formed not on the balance of expenses, but on the balance of releases in sets of Input-Output (IO) mathematical tools. As a result, devoided the proposed new IO price models of methodological errors, which (errors) with realistic initial data for known IO price models reach tens of percent or even more (Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine M.M. Kulyk).

2. Mathematical models for the study of frequency and power regulation processes in combined energy systems (UTS), which include powerful wind (WPS) and solar (SPS) power plants, were designed and developed by introducing dependencies that describe the operation of high-speed generator-regulators of various types, including rechargeable batteries (AB). In the mathematical model, in contrast to the existing ones, new laws of frequency regulation in energy systems with wind turbines and SPPs have been developed and used. It has been established that the combination of two components in the law, namely, adaptive and proportional-differential-integral, provides qualitatively better results in ensuring frequency accuracy and stability of the control system. The optimal ratio between these components was found, which provides the maximum regulatory effect. In addition, an additional (interval) law of adaptive regulation was developed, which, in combination with other components, makes it possible to reduce the required power of regulating ABs by 20%. It has been experimentally proven that the involvement of AB and HPP to stabilize the operating modes of UTS with significant amounts of WPP and SPS capacities provides a stable frequency in the base zone of the electrical load schedule (GEN) that meets not only the standard for UTS of Ukraine (50 ± 0.2 Hz), but even exceeds the requirements of the UTS of the European Union ENTSO-E (50 ± 0.02 Hz). Moreover, according to the conducted studies, the complexes of WPP, SPP and AB, together with HPP, provide the possibility of stable frequency and capacity operation of OES not only in the basic, but even in the semi-peak and peak zones of the GEN. This significantly increases the competitiveness of the mentioned complexes

   (Academicians of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine M.M. Kulyk, O.V. Zgurovets).

3. An important study was carried out regarding the impact of the law on the green tariff on the functioning of the UTS and the economy of Ukraine as a whole. It is shown that the preferences granted according to this law to the owners of WPPs and SPPs are higher than those ever granted in the European Union. The calculations show that the costs of electricity consumers for its production by wind and solar power plants with a total capacity of about 12 GW for one year will be an order of magnitude higher than the costs for a similar amount of energy that can be provided by traditional energy. At the same time, the difference in costs exceeds 3 billion dollars. USA, which is a loss for consumers. Such losses cannot be sustained by the Ukrainian electricity market, which is the only buyer of electricity from the owners of WPPs and SPPs. Even now, when the total installed capacity of wind power plants and thermal power stations is about 8 GW, the energy market of Ukraine cannot independently pay for the electricity of these power plants. NEC "Ukrenergo" issued permits for the construction of WPPs and SPPs with a total volume of about 18 GW. Therefore, their installed capacity of 12 GW will be reached in the next 1-2 years, and then the electricity market will go bankrupt, and the threat of default will become real for the Ukrainian economy. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to urgently adopt changes to the law on the green tariff, and the first step should be the abolition of the archaic and binding principle "take or pay" in it

   (Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine M.M. Kulyk).

4. For the first time, a mathematical programming model was developed with integer variables for determining the structure and scope of development of traditional and renewable energy in compliance with international environmental agreements and safety restrictions, which in its functionality corresponds to the best world analogues, some of which are currently used by operators of ENTSO-E transmission systems. Unlike analogues, the model takes into consideration the structure of Ukraine's generating capacities in more detail, their technical-economic and physical-technical indicators, and the established operating modes of power plants characteristic of Ukraine's UTS. The versatility of the algorithms implemented in the model allows is used for a wide range of research, in particular, on the optimization of load modes of generating capacities of the power system for the short-term perspective, the formation of electricity balances of Ukraine for the next year or the medium-term perspective, as a component of research on the development of strategic documents, for example, the Energy strategies of Ukraine until 2050 and others. With the use of the model, the structure of the generating capacity of the UTS of Ukraine until 2040 was formed, which ensures the preservation of the existing power units of nuclear power plants in operation, as well as the integration of about 18 GW of installed capacity of wind turbines and SPPs in compliance with the principles of balance reliability of the energy system (S.V. Shulzhenko).

5. For the first time, a mathematical model was developed for the optimization of the supply of coal products to the country's economy, which takes into consideration coal products not only for energy needs, but also for other consumers by types of economic activity and population. In contrast to the known models, the model combines detailed consideration of the technical and economic indicators of the technological equipment of mines and beneficiation plants with algorithms for coordinating flows of all types of coal products, which made it possible to forecast the structure of finished coal products with the provision of the necessary indicators of its quality in the technological chain "mine - beneficiation plant - consumer". With the application of the software implementation of the model, the forecast structure of coal production for the electric power industry and the overall balance of coal production in the economy of Ukraine were developed according to the scenarios of the development of the coal industry for the period until 2040, according to which the maximum coal production under the optimistic scenario, 61 million tons, will be achieved in 2035 , according to the basic and pessimistic - 46 million tons and 41 million tons, respectively, will be reached in 2030 (V.M. Makarov, M.I. Kaplin, M.O. Perov).

6. An improved method of determining the total energy intensity of products for multi-product production, which, unlike the existing one, includes several types of energy intensity at different hierarchical levels: direct - at the level of a technological unit or workshop; technological - at the level of the technological chain of production of products in a workshop or a group of workshops; full factory, which includes, in addition to the technological energy intensity, the energy intensity of the main production assets, labor costs, intra-factory transportation; the total energy intensity of products, which includes the energy intensity of extraction and transportation of raw materials to the enterprise to the full factory energy intensity. The method of determining the direct energy intensity of products has been improved with the addition of algorithms for determining the energy intensity of thermal and secondary energy resources of excess pressure and the introduction of the coefficient of distribution of joint energy costs in multi-product production. A new algorithm for determining the total energy intensity of labor costs has been developed, which, unlike the previous one, takes into consideration income items of the population, and the algorithm of the total energy intensity of the main production assets has also been improved. A project of changes and additions to DSTU 3682-98 "Energy conservation. Methodology for determining the total energy intensity of products, works and services". According to the improved methodology, indicators of the total energy intensity of products of ferrous metallurgy, coke chemistry, combined production of heat and electricity at thermal power plants, and primary oil processing until 2040 have been determined. The results of the work were considered at the meeting of TC 48 "Energozberezhenie" and it was recommended to include the completed work in the National Standardization Program for 2022 and submit it to the State Enterprise "UkrNDNC" (O.E. Malyarenko, V.V. Stanytsyna, G.O. Kuts).

   In order to study the conditions for fulfilling the obligations that Ukraine undertook by joining the Global Initiative to Reduce Methane Emissions (to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030 from the 2020 level), forecasts of methane emissions from fuel industries were developed for the first time in Ukraine - energy complex until 2040. It was determined that in the coal industry, achieving the specified reduction in methane emissions is possible only if the capture and utilization of methane from coal mines is increased from the current 10.3% to 21–52% for various industry development scenarios. It was determined that in the gas industry, achieving the specified reduction of methane emissions by 2030 is possible only if not only the implementation of measures to reduce them, but also the development of national methods for estimating methane emissions and the use of national coefficients in the formation of the National Cadastre of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption by sinks of greenhouse gases (I.Ch. Leshchenko, T.P. Nechaeva, V.E. Shcherbina).